Biology.
Basic questions. Gene (Û²)
How
is any trait passed from parents to children? After all, why are parents and
children the same? The idea that has been popular for a long time is that there
is a small man inside the sperm. Completely made in a small package and it
becomes human. This little man is homeless. And within this little man there
are people of the next generation, and so on. It was all placed with the first
man. This is how all human beings came to earth at the beginning of the human
race. Closed inside one next humancoles. This theory became so popular that it
did not disappear after the invention of the microscope. In 1699, a Dutch
microscopist claimed to have seen many small humans in human sperm. (It was the
same imagination that shows faces on clouds). In the seventeenth century, sperm
was depicted as a scalp with long hair on the back. This was the idea of
pre-formationism. Transfer code is not the whole person.
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Not
everyone agreed with the pre-formation. It did not explain at all what happens
when the sperm meets the egg. The answer was given in 1768 by the Berber
embryologist Caspar Wolf. His idea, similar to that of Aristotle, was that
there was information in the embryo. There are no instructions.
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When
biologists, philosophers, religious scholars and embryologists were having
heated debates in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the fact was that no
one could go further than Aristotle and Pythagoras to answer this question.
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The
mid-nineteenth century was a time when biology was a static theory. As a
physicist describes the movement of a ball in the air, why not in biology? Why
isn't biology like a continuum, a process, a progression, a history? There were
two people asking this question. Both were gardeners, both obsessed with
nature, both from theology to biology, and both wanted to understand the basics
of biology. Mendel's question was microscopic. How information is passed from
one generation to the next. Darwin's question was microscopic. How much does
information change in a thousand species of living things? The ideas presented
by both of them answered different things. But over time, their visions became
closer and closer, giving rise to the most important combination of modern
biology. This combination formed the basis of modern biology. This theory of
hereditary understanding is called modern synthesis.
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Darwin
sailed on the Beagle on December 27, 1831. Arrived in the Galapagos Islands on
October 20, 1835. He developed theories from the observations of birds and
animals in this cluster of islands. Another trip was made by Wallace, who was
from Brazil. Both were reaching the most important theory of biology. Darwin
and Wallace's papers on evolution by natural selection were read at the Lenin Society
in London on July 1, 1858. How important was that? No one immediately realized
this. Even the president of the Lenin Society commented at the end of the year,
"1858 has been a barren year in terms of new discoveries in biology. No
specific discoveries were made. " The following year, on a cold Thursday
morning, November 24, 1859, Darwin's book, The Origin of Species, was
published. It was priced at fifteen shillings. Two and a half hundred copies of
the first edition were sold on the first day.
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Darwin's
breakthrough was significant but incomplete. The biggest gap was that there was
no theory of inheritance. After all, how does any trait pass from one
generation to the next?
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Darwin,
after years of careful observation and years of thought, had proposed the
theory of evolution, but the absence of inheritance in it bothered Darwin the
most. Inheritance theory that gives stability and room for change. Darwin's
idea was that there were gametes in the body that kept collecting information
about the state of the body and then they were found in the initial crime cells
of the father and mother just like in a color box. Colors match Darwin's idea
was a combination of the ideas of Aristotle and Pythagoras, and was written in
1867, ten years after his book Origin of Species, in his book, Diversity in
Animals and Plants.
Criticism
of Darwin's book and the theory of pan-genes came unexpectedly from Fleming
Jenkins, a mathematician and engineer. He had read the book in detail and found
a blatant error in it. Jenkins went on to argue, "Suppose a white man
arrives on an island inhabited by blacks. We also assume that he is made king
and he gets married many times and has children, but still his children have
half of these characteristics. A quarter of grandchildren. Beyond this, the
eighth part, and thus in a few generations, his "whiteness" will
disappear, even if this feature is not so useful and fit as to make him king
and help him to pass on his features. " The gist of Jenkins' story was
that even if diversity did come, it would soon become average. How will it
survive after diversity?
Darwin
was shaken by Jenkins' logic. "Criticism of Fleming has been more useful
to me than any other article," he wrote. What did that mean? Inheritance
could not be the same as color matching for evolution to work. The
"atoms" of information were needed. Indivisible packets that can be
passed from parent to child.
Was
there evidence of such a method? If Darwin had thoroughly researched his
library, he would have found an unfamiliar paper in an obscure journal of an
obscure botanist entitled "Experiments on Matching Plants" which was
written in difficult German and mathematical. The table was full. Written in
1866, Darwin's genius might have led him to the answer he was looking for, and
he certainly couldn't help but appreciate the hard work, sophistication, and
results that came out of it.
This
was the mystery of biology that Doppler's student Mendel had solved with great
effort and care with the help of pea plants, after years of hard work in a
monastery plot of land.
(to
be continued)
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